1. Load: Hertzian contact stress; allowable stress for ceramic (~3000-3500 MPa) higher than bearing steel (~2500–2800 MPa), use ISO 281 or ceramic-specific contact models.

2. Speed: Centrifugal and gyroscopic moment calculations with ceramic correction factors give precise limiting speed.

3. Life: ISO 281 includes a_cer factor, or use hybrid bearing life model (accounting for higher elasticity modulus).

4. Temperature: Thermal balance calculation reliable; include correction due to low thermal conductivity (temperature difference between inner ring and ball).

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